Two layers
Argument · the second layer is not built
Four conditions neither layer can see alone.
Two different records exist about an agent's behaviour, and each is blind to a different half.
An attestation layer records what a deciding system declared — the policy, the inputs, the
outcome, signed. It cannot tell you whether the thing it describes ever executed.
A runtime observation layer records what actually executed — calls made, payments attempted,
paths taken. It cannot tell you what was authorised, because authority is not visible in a trace.
Four conditions are visible only to the pair:
— a payment attempted with no corresponding observed decision;
— an observed decision that never reached a payment;
— an attestation cited at the enforcement boundary that fails verification, which no observability system sees because nothing was routed through one;
— a decision whose declared policy and whose observed execution disagree.
Each of these is a discrepancy between the records. Neither layer computes any of them alone, and
a firm holding only one of the two can report itself clean while every one of them is occurring.
The second layer is not ours, and it is not built
An attestation carries an assurance level with two values: self-declared and
independently-observed. The second has been specified since July 2026 and no implementation
ships today. The first implementation is scoped to Arbis, a runtime assurance partner. Everything above
describes what the pair would make visible. Specified is not shipped, and every attestation you can obtain
from us today is self-declared.
What the pair still cannot establish. Arbis's own stated limit travels with this claim: it
describes the executions it sees, and cannot prove that an unobserved path does not exist. A page
arguing that pairing two layers closes a gap has to say what the pair still leaves open, and that is the thing it
leaves open. The four conditions become visible; the universe they are visible across is still bounded by what the
observation layer was routed through.